Most tobamoviruses contaminate the seed coat (but not necessarily the embryo) of their host plants. Like tomato brown rugose fruit virus, ToMMV might also be spread by bumblebees. During experiments carried out on several tomato cultivars in China, it has been shown that ToMMV could overcome the resistance to ToMV in some cultivars.įurther studies are needed on the transmission of ToMMV, but observations suggest that as other tobamoviruses, it is a highly contagious virus which is mechanically transmitted from plant to plant through common cultural practices. As is the case for other Tobamovirus, it has been observed that disease symptoms rapidly spread within infected crops. Outbreaks on capsicum crops have been reported from China (Tibet and Yunnan) where affected plants showed foliar mottle, shrinking, and necrosis. During inoculation experiments, susceptible tomato cultivars were seriously stunted, flowers aborted and no fruit was produced. melongena for ToMMV remains to be clarified.Īffected tomato plants show leaf distortion, mosaic, mottle and necrosis. In China, mixed infections of ToMMV with tobacco mild green mosaic virus have been observed on aubergine ( Solanum melongena) causing symptoms and yield losses, but the host status of S. The presence of ToMMV has also been detected by metagenomics in Cicer arietinum (Fabaceae) in Italy but this has not been confirmed by further studies. However, laboratory experiments have shown that the host range of ToMMV might be wider, as the virus could be mechanically transmitted to other Solanaceae ( Nicotiana spp., Petunia hybrida, Physalis spp.) and Brassicaceae ( Brassica spp., Raphanus sativus). frutescens) grown in the field and under glasshouses, and there is one record of ToMMV in symptomatic peas ( Pisum sativum) in Yunnan province (China). Natural infections have mainly been reported on tomato and capsicum ( C. South America: Brazil (Minas Gerais, Sao Paulo). North America: Mexico, USA (California, Florida, New York, South Carolina). The distribution below shows the countries where ToMMV has been detected using molecular tests, but it cannot be excluded that some past records of ToMV should be attributed to ToMMV and that its distribution might be wider than shown below.ĮPPO region: Czech Republic (detected in 2020 in 3 asymptomatic seed crops), Netherlands (detected in 2022 in seeds), Spain (detected in 2015 in a research glasshouse).Īsia: China (Gansu, Hainan, Henan, Hunan, Liaoning, Neimenggu, Shaanxi, Shandong, Xizhang, Yunnan), Iran. isolates from Brazil (2003), China and Iran previously attributed to ToMV have now been re-attributed to ToMMV). It is noted that before ToMMV was characterized in 2013 in Mexico, several isolates deposited in GenBank as ToMV corresponded in fact to ToMMV (e.g. As ToMMV is an emerging virus which present similarities with another emerging tobamovirus, tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV - EPPO A2 List), and as capsicum and tomato are important crops in the EPPO region, the EPPO Panel on Phytosanitary Measures recommended that ToMMV should be added to the EPPO Alert List.Īlthough being a distinct species, ToMMV is closely related to tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) and cross-reactions have been observed when using serological tests. It was subsequently found in the Americas, Asia and Europe causing infections on tomato and capsicum crops. Tomato mottle mosaic virus ( Tobamovirus, ToMMV) was first described in 2013 infecting tomato crops in Mexico.
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